Ability to protect against COVID-19 is an ESCAP-defined Index defined as follows: the individual has access to the internet, TV, phone, mobile phone or radio (information access); lives in a household with water pipes linked to a public water supply system or with access to a private water source; has a handwashing facility on premises with soap and water available (hygiene); has no more than 2 people per sleeping room in the household (distancing); and lives in a household that has a toilet which is not shared with other households (sanitation).

Electricity follows the definition of SDG indicator 7.1.1 Proportion of population with access to electricity.

Data Source: MICS
The following data are considered for this analysis:
• Household-level data (HH-Household Survey)
• Primary source of lighting is the local electricity provider, solar systems, mini-grids and stand-alone systems. Sources such as generators, candles or batteries are not considered due to their limited working capacities and since they are usually kept as backup sources for lighting.

Clean fuel follows the definition of SDG indicator 7.1.2 Proportion of population with primary reliance on clean fuels and technology.

Data Source: MICS
The following data are considered for this analysis:
• Household-level data (HH-Household Survey)
• Clean fuels and technology: focusing on primary fuel used for cooking, categorized as solid or non-solid fuels, where solid fuels are considered polluting and outdated, while non-solid fuels are considered clean.

Basic sanitation follows the definition of SDG indicator 1.4.1 Use of improved facilities that are not shared with other households. This indicator is also related to: 6.2.1 Proportion of population using safely manages sanitation services, including a hand-washing facility with soap and water.

Basic drinking water follows the definition of SDG indicator 1.4.1 Use of drinking water from an improved source that is available with a collection time of not more than 30 minutes for a round trip, including queuing. This indicator is also related to: 6.1.1 Proportion of population using safely managed drinking water services.

Violence against women justified measures the proportion of women who believe a husband is justified in beating his wife (for certain reasons).

Data Source: MICS
The following data are considered for this analysis:
• Women ages 15 - 49 years (WM - Individual Women's Survey)
• The reasons provided as possible justifications of violence against women are: 1) If she goes out without telling him; 2) If she neglects the children; 3) If she argues with him; 4) If she refuses sex with him; 5) If she burns the food.